Impact of e-cigarette health warnings on motivation to vape and smoke
Background
The current hypothesis is that health warnings for
electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) could drive people away from steam and
smoke. We consider an alternative hypothesis that discourages e-cigarettes
vaping and smoking both.
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Methods
An example of a national facility was participants, adults
who used cigarettes, cigarettes or both. In August 2018, we randomized
participants to one of three warning types (debris text control, one text
e-cigarette warning or a pictorial cigarette warning). We observe more random
participants on e-cigarette warnings for three topics (nicotine addiction,
health use hazards, or health and use-related harm). The main pre-registration
outcome was the cessation of targets for e-cigarette users. Secondary results
were of interest in tobacco consumption and the Tobacco Warning Model takes
account of: negative attention, impact, predicted social interactions and
cognitive elaboration.
Results
Warning warnings arose due to text alerts rather than
control among e-cigarette users (d = 0.44, p <0.001), while pictorial
warnings still had higher aims for cessation of steam than text (d = 0.12, p
< 0.05). Text advertising produced less interest in tobacco compared to
control among smokers (p <0.05); warnings did not have any further impact on
tobacco consumption among smokers or non-smokers. Higher resolutions arose from
health hazards due to higher warnings than discontinuing nicotine addiction
warnings. Tobacco Warning Model e-cigarette warnings also increased.
Discussion
Health warnings may encourage e-cigarettes to quit smoking
and prevent smoking. The best warnings expected include health hazards (other
than nicotine addiction) and images. We have not received any support for the
hypothesis that the cigarettes alerts could encourage tobacco cigarettes.
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Introduction
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems, or
electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), has steadily increased, especially among
young people and young adults. do not smoke smoking cigarettes. , formaldehyde
can cause DNA10 damage and explosions that can cause burns. While it is more
likely to evaporate than smoking, these risks are sensible, especially compared
not to use tobacco products.
At least 14 countries already require health warning labels
on e-cigarettes, and many others are considering applying policies to demand
e-cigarette warnings. For example, in 2018 wanted e-cigarette cigarettes and
packages to give single text single warning about Nicotine addiction. However,
the impact of caution is likely to be significant. Over time, 14–18 provide
good reason to consider further warning topics for future messaging rotation. Studies
on the impact of warnings on hazards (ie causes of health consequences) and
injuries (ie, health consequences) of e-cigarettes have been carried out. In
addition, pictorial warnings are more effective pictorial cigarettes to
stimulate quitting and increase other psychosocial exclusions to resign than
text warnings only. On our knowledge, no study and pictorial effects are
compared with text-only warnings for e-cigarette devices.
As some people may abuse cigarette health warnings,
unintended consequences of warnings are a concern. E-cigarette warnings may
result in warnings of having e-cigarette harmful to cigarettes, and people who
may be driving from smoking cigarettes . However, we consider that an
alternative could be made that e-cigarette warnings would inhibit vomiting and
smoking. We examined these issues in an experiment on e-cigarette warnings.
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